Occupation AtlasZoologists and Wildlife Biologists

O*NET · 19-1023.00

Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Study the origins, behavior, diseases, genetics, and life processes of animals and wildlife. May specialize in wildlife research and management. May collect and analyze biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water habitats.

Also called Aquarist · Aquatic Biologist · Conservation Biologist · Cryptozoologist · Dolphin Researcher · Ethologist · Field Naturalist · Fish and Wildlife Biologist
23 more

Fish Biologist · Fish Culturist · Fisheries and Wildlife Biological Scientist · Fisheries Biologist · Fisheries Management Biologist · Fishery Biologist · Habitat Biologist · Herpetologist · Ichthyologist · Lepidopterist · Limnologist · Mammalogist · Marine Biologist · Migratory Game Bird Biologist · Ornithologist · Protozoologist · Shark Biologist · Wetland Ecologist · Wildlife Biologist · Wildlife Conservationist · Wildlife Refuge Specialist · Wildlife Specialist · Zoologist

Job Zone 4 — Considerable Preparation NeededHolland code IRC35 skills on file

Compare with another occupationCompare with Environmental Engineers

Job Zone

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5

Zone 4: Considerable Preparation Needed

Considerable preparation. Usually a bachelor's degree plus several years of work-related experience, knowledge, or training.

Job Zone is O*NET's rating of how much education, experience and training an occupation typically needs — a property of the work, not of anyone doing it.

Occupational interest profile

IRCInvestigative · Realistic · Conventional — the three strongest interests, in order

  • I Investigative6.99
  • R Realistic5.43
  • C Conventional3.70
  • S Social2.55
  • E Enterprising2.33
  • A Artistic2.31

RIASEC (Holland) interests on O*NET's 0–7 scale: what the work draws on, not what any individual prefers. Hover a row for what each dimension means.

Education and experience

The education level respondents say the job requires, and the most common answer for experience and training.

  • Bachelor's Degree72%
  • Master's Degree28%
Related work experience
Over 2 years, up to and including 4 years (38%)
On-site or in-plant training
Over 1 month, up to and including 3 months (48%)
On-the-job training
Over 6 months, up to and including 1 year (38%)

Typically associated skills

All 35 O*NET skills, most important first. Importance (1–5) says how much a skill matters here; level (0–7) says how much of it the work calls for, with O*NET's example of a nearby level. Neither is a proficiency rating of a person.

  • Reading ComprehensionbasicImportance 4.0Level 5.0Level 4 looks like: Understand an email from management describing new personnel policies
  • WritingbasicImportance 4.0Level 4.3Level 4 looks like: Write an email to staff outlining new directives
  • SpeakingbasicImportance 4.0Level 4.1Level 4 looks like: Interview applicants to obtain personal and work history
  • Active ListeningbasicImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Answer inquiries regarding credit references
  • Complex Problem SolvingImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Redesign a floor layout to take advantage of new manufacturing techniques
  • Judgment and Decision MakingImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Evaluate a loan application for degree of risk
  • SciencebasicImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Conduct product tests to ensure safety standards are met
  • Critical ThinkingbasicImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Evaluate customer complaints and determine appropriate responses
  • Active LearningbasicImportance 3.9Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Determine the impact of new menu changes on a restaurant's purchasing requirements
  • CoordinationImportance 3.8Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Work with others to put a new roof on a house
  • Systems AnalysisImportance 3.4Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Determine how a new piece of equipment will affect production rates
  • MonitoringbasicImportance 3.3Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Monitor a meeting and revise the agenda to ensure important topics are discussed
Show the other 23
  • Time ManagementImportance 3.3Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Allocate the time of subordinates to projects for the coming week
  • Social PerceptivenessImportance 3.1Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Be aware of how a coworker's promotion will affect a work group
  • Systems EvaluationImportance 3.1Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Identify the reasons why a client might be unhappy with a product
  • Learning StrategiesbasicImportance 3.1Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Identify an alternative approach to help trainees who are having difficulties
  • MathematicsbasicImportance 3.1Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Calculate the square footage of a new home under construction
  • Management of Personnel ResourcesImportance 3.0Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Direct the activities of a road repair crew with minimal disruption of traffic flow
  • NegotiationImportance 3.0Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Contract with a wholesaler to sell items at a given cost
  • InstructingImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Instruct a new employee in the use of a timekeeping system
  • PersuasionImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Solicit donations for a charity
  • Service OrientationImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Ask customers if they would like a cup of coffee
  • Operations MonitoringImportance 2.6Level 2.6Level 2 looks like: Monitor completion times while running a computer program
  • Management of Financial ResourcesImportance 2.4Level 2.4Level 2 looks like: Use available funds to buy office supplies and record the amount of the purchase
  • Management of Material ResourcesImportance 2.4Level 2.1Level 2 looks like: Reserve a room for a management meeting
  • Operation and ControlImportance 2.1Level 2.1Level 2 looks like: Navigate the settings on an office printer to print on both sides of the paper
  • Quality Control AnalysisImportance 2.1Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Inspect a draft email for errors (e.g., grammar, punctuation)
  • Operations AnalysisImportance 2.0Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Select a printer for an office
  • Technology DesignImportance 2.0Level 1.1Level 2 looks like: Adjust exercise equipment for use by a customer
  • TroubleshootingImportance 1.8Level 0.8
  • ProgrammingImportance 1.6Level 0.8
  • Equipment SelectionImportance 1.1Level —
  • Equipment MaintenanceImportance 1.0Level —
  • InstallationImportance 1.0Level —
  • RepairingImportance 1.0Level —

Tasks

12 core · 2 supplemental

What people in this occupation do, as O*NET records it, core tasks first by importance (1–5).

  1. Inventory or estimate plant and wildlife populations.Importance 4.4
  2. Disseminate information by writing reports and scientific papers or journal articles, and by making presentations and giving talks for schools, clubs, interest groups and park interpretive programs.Importance 4.4
  3. Develop, or make recommendations on, management systems and plans for wildlife populations and habitat, consulting with stakeholders and the public at large to explore options.Importance 4.4
  4. Study animals in their natural habitats, assessing effects of environment and industry on animals, interpreting findings and recommending alternative operating conditions for industry.Importance 4.3
  5. Study characteristics of animals, such as origin, interrelationships, classification, life histories, diseases, development, genetics, and distribution.Importance 4.2
  6. Inform and respond to public regarding wildlife and conservation issues, such as plant identification, hunting ordinances, and nuisance wildlife.Importance 3.9
  7. Organize and conduct experimental studies with live animals in controlled or natural surroundings.Importance 3.8
  8. Coordinate preventive programs to control the outbreak of wildlife diseases.Importance 3.7
  9. Conduct literature reviews.Importance 3.7
  10. Check for, and ensure compliance with, environmental laws, and notify law enforcement when violations are identified.Importance 3.6
  11. Analyze characteristics of animals to identify and classify them.Importance 3.5
  12. Perform administrative duties, such as fundraising, public relations, budgeting, and supervision of zoo staff.Importance 3.5
Show the other 2
  1. Prepare collections of preserved specimens or microscopic slides for species identification and study of development or disease.Importance 3.0
  2. Collect and dissect animal specimens and examine specimens under microscope.Importance 2.7

Knowledge

Bodies of knowledge the work draws on.

  • BiologyImportance 4.7Level 5.7
  • English LanguageImportance 4.1Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Edit an article for a news website
  • GeographyImportance 3.8Level 5.4Level 4 looks like: Find a specific country on a world map
  • Law and GovernmentImportance 3.7Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Prepare documents and title papers for the purchase of a new house
  • MathematicsImportance 3.7Level 5.1Level 4 looks like: Analyze data to determine areas with the highest sales
  • Administration and ManagementImportance 3.1Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Monitor progress of a project to ensure timely completion
  • Computers and ElectronicsImportance 3.0Level 4.4Level 4 looks like: Use a computer to format a document
  • AdministrativeImportance 2.9Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Type 30 words per minute
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  • Customer and Personal ServiceImportance 2.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Be responsible for 10 children at daycare
  • Education and TrainingImportance 2.9Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Lead a quality improvement seminar
  • Public Safety and SecurityImportance 2.9Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Inspect a building site for safety violations
  • Communications and MediaImportance 2.8Level 3.5Level 4 looks like: Host a music radio show
  • Personnel and Human ResourcesImportance 2.6Level 3.6Level 4 looks like: Interview applicants for an administrative position
  • ChemistryImportance 2.5Level 3.7Level 4 looks like: Use the proper concentration of chlorine to purify a water source
  • Sociology and AnthropologyImportance 2.3Level 3.0Level 4 looks like: Write an article about cultural differences
  • MechanicalImportance 2.2Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Replace the filters in a furnace
  • Economics and AccountingImportance 2.1Level 2.2Level 1 looks like: Answer billing questions from credit card customers
  • Engineering and TechnologyImportance 2.1Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Install a door lock
  • PsychologyImportance 2.1Level 2.6
  • TelecommunicationsImportance 2.1Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Send an email
  • DesignImportance 2.0Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Draw a straight line 4 3/16 inches long
  • History and ArcheologyImportance 2.0Level 2.5Level 1 looks like: Take a class in US history
  • PhysicsImportance 2.0Level 2.6
  • TransportationImportance 2.0Level 2.2Level 1 looks like: Ride a train to work
  • Sales and MarketingImportance 1.9Level 2.0Level 1 looks like: Sell cakes at a bake sale
  • Medicine and DentistryImportance 1.8Level 1.6Level 1 looks like: Use a band-aid
  • Philosophy and TheologyImportance 1.8Level 2.1Level 1 looks like: Watch a TV show on family values
  • Food ProductionImportance 1.7Level 1.7Level 1 looks like: Grow herbs in the kitchen
  • Foreign LanguageImportance 1.7Level 1.6Level 1 looks like: Say "please" and "thank you" in a foreign language
  • Building and ConstructionImportance 1.6Level 2.0Level 1 looks like: Choose the proper type of wood for adding a deck onto a house
  • Production and ProcessingImportance 1.5Level 1.0Level 1 looks like: Put a computer back into its packing materials
  • Therapy and CounselingImportance 1.3Level 0.8Level 1 looks like: Put ice on a sprained ankle
  • Fine ArtsImportance 1.1Level —

Abilities

Enduring capacities the work calls for.

  • Deductive ReasoningImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 5 looks like: Decide what factors to consider in selecting stocks
  • Inductive ReasoningImportance 4.0Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Determine the prime suspect based on crime scene evidence
  • Oral ComprehensionImportance 4.0Level 4.9Level 4 looks like: Understand a coach's oral instructions for a sport
  • Oral ExpressionImportance 4.0Level 5.0Level 4 looks like: Give instructions to a lost motorist
  • Written ComprehensionImportance 4.0Level 5.0Level 4 looks like: Understand an apartment lease
  • Written ExpressionImportance 4.0Level 5.0Level 4 looks like: Write a job recommendation for a subordinate
  • Information OrderingImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 2 looks like: Follow the correct steps to make change
  • Problem SensitivityImportance 3.9Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Notice from a subtle difference in a client's mood that something is bothering them
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  • Category FlexibilityImportance 3.8Level 4.0Level 3 looks like: Classify flowers according to size, color, and smell
  • Near VisionImportance 3.8Level 4.0Level 5 looks like: Read the fine print of a legal document
  • Speech ClarityImportance 3.8Level 3.8Level 4 looks like: Make stadium-wide announcements during a sporting event
  • Speech RecognitionImportance 3.5Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Recognize the voice of a coworker
  • Fluency of IdeasImportance 3.3Level 3.4Level 4 looks like: Think of as many ideas as possible for the name of a new company
  • Far VisionImportance 3.1Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Read the slides on a presentation from across a room
  • Flexibility of ClosureImportance 3.1Level 3.3Level 4 looks like: Look for a golf ball in tall grass
  • Mathematical ReasoningImportance 3.0Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Decide how to calculate profits to determine the amounts of yearly bonuses
  • Number FacilityImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 3 looks like: Calculate a discounted price
  • OriginalityImportance 3.0Level 3.4Level 4 looks like: Redesign job tasks to be interesting for employees
  • Perceptual SpeedImportance 3.0Level 3.0Level 2 looks like: Sort mail according to ZIP codes with no time pressure
  • Selective AttentionImportance 3.0Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Watch security monitors for intruders throughout the night shift
  • Time SharingImportance 2.9Level 3.0Level 3 looks like: Watch street signs while driving at 30 miles an hour
  • VisualizationImportance 2.9Level 2.9Level 2 looks like: Imagine how to place paper in a printer so that the letterhead comes out on top
  • Visual Color DiscriminationImportance 2.8Level 3.0Level 4 looks like: Trace electrical circuits marked by various colored wires
  • Hearing SensitivityImportance 2.6Level 2.8Level 2 looks like: Notice a doorbell ringing
  • Auditory AttentionImportance 2.4Level 2.4Level 2 looks like: Listen to a lecture while people nearby are talking
  • Speed of ClosureImportance 2.4Level 2.8Level 3 looks like: Recognize a song after hearing only the first few notes
  • Depth PerceptionImportance 2.1Level 1.9Level 2 looks like: Merge a car into traffic on a city street
  • Gross Body CoordinationImportance 2.1Level 1.6Level 2 looks like: Get in and out of a truck
  • Gross Body EquilibriumImportance 2.1Level 1.3Level 2 looks like: Stand on a ladder
  • MemorizationImportance 2.1Level 2.1Level 1 looks like: Remember the number on your bus to be sure you get back on the right one
  • Multilimb CoordinationImportance 2.1Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Row a boat
  • Spatial OrientationImportance 2.1Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Use the floor plan to locate a store in a mall
  • Trunk StrengthImportance 2.1Level 2.1Level 2 looks like: Sit up in an office chair
  • Arm-Hand SteadinessImportance 2.0Level 2.0Level 2 looks like: Light a candle
  • Control PrecisionImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 2 looks like: Adjust a room light with a dimmer switch
  • Dynamic StrengthImportance 2.0Level 1.0Level 2 looks like: Use pruning shears to trim a bush
  • Explosive StrengthImportance 2.0Level 1.1Level 2 looks like: Hit a nail with a hammer
  • Extent FlexibilityImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 2 looks like: Reach to adjust the radio in a car
  • Finger DexterityImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 2 looks like: Put coins in a parking meter
  • Glare SensitivityImportance 2.0Level 1.5Level 2 looks like: Drive on a familiar road on a cloudy day
  • Manual DexterityImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 1 looks like: Screw a light bulb into a light socket
  • Night VisionImportance 2.0Level 1.6Level 2 looks like: Read street signs at dusk (just after sunset)
  • Peripheral VisionImportance 2.0Level 1.3Level 2 looks like: Keep in step while marching in a band
  • Rate ControlImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 1 looks like: Ride a bicycle alongside a jogger
  • Reaction TimeImportance 2.0Level 1.8Level 2 looks like: Start to slow down the car when a traffic light turns yellow
  • Response OrientationImportance 2.0Level 1.9Level 2 looks like: When a doorbell and phone ring at the same time, quickly select which to answer first
  • Sound LocalizationImportance 2.0Level 1.8Level 2 looks like: Listen to a sound system to determine which speaker is working
  • StaminaImportance 2.0Level 1.6Level 1 looks like: Walk 1/4 mile
  • Static StrengthImportance 2.0Level 1.8Level 1 looks like: Push an empty shopping cart
  • Wrist-Finger SpeedImportance 2.0Level 1.5Level 2 looks like: Use a screwdriver to twist in a screw
  • Dynamic FlexibilityImportance 1.0Level —
  • Speed of Limb MovementImportance 1.0Level —

Work activities

Kinds of activity the work is made of.

  • Analyzing Data or InformationImportance 4.4Level 5.6
  • Getting InformationImportance 4.4Level 5.3Level 4 looks like: Review a budget
  • Making Decisions and Solving ProblemsImportance 4.4Level 5.7
  • Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or SubordinatesImportance 4.3Level 5.8
  • Communicating with People Outside the OrganizationImportance 4.2Level 5.7
  • Documenting/Recording InformationImportance 4.2Level 5.0Level 4 looks like: Document the results of a crime scene investigation
  • Processing InformationImportance 4.2Level 6.0Level 7 looks like: Compile data for a complex scientific report
  • Updating and Using Relevant KnowledgeImportance 4.2Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Keep current on changes in maintenance procedures for repairing sports cars
Show all 41
  • Working with ComputersImportance 4.2Level 4.3Level 4 looks like: Write software for keeping track of parts in inventory
  • Monitoring Processes, Materials, or SurroundingsImportance 4.0Level 5.4Level 4 looks like: Test electrical circuits
  • Developing Objectives and StrategiesImportance 3.9Level 5.3Level 4 looks like: Develop the plan to complete the merger of two organizations over a 3-year period
  • Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal RelationshipsImportance 3.9Level 5.4Level 4 looks like: Maintain good working relationships with almost all coworkers and clients
  • Identifying Objects, Actions, and EventsImportance 3.9Level 5.2Level 4 looks like: Judge the suitability of food products for an event
  • Interpreting the Meaning of Information for OthersImportance 3.9Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Interpret how foreign tax laws apply to U.S. exports
  • Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing WorkImportance 3.9Level 5.3Level 4 looks like: Plan and adjust a personal to-do list according to changing demands
  • Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or InformationImportance 3.7Level 4.9Level 4 looks like: Estimate the time required to evacuate a city in the event of a major disaster
  • Performing for or Working Directly with the PublicImportance 3.7Level 4.6Level 4 looks like: Sell shoes in a crowded shoe store
  • Scheduling Work and ActivitiesImportance 3.7Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Prepare the work schedule for salesclerks in a large retail store
  • Training and Teaching OthersImportance 3.7Level 4.7Level 4 looks like: Teach a social sciences course to high school students
  • Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with StandardsImportance 3.6Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Evaluate a complicated insurance claim for compliance with policy terms
  • Coordinating the Work and Activities of OthersImportance 3.5Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Organize the cleanup crew after a major sporting event
  • Developing and Building TeamsImportance 3.5Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Lead an assembly team in an automobile plant
  • Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or EquipmentImportance 3.5Level 3.1Level 4 looks like: Drive an 18-wheel tractor-trailer
  • Performing Administrative ActivitiesImportance 3.5Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Complete tax forms for a small business
  • Coaching and Developing OthersImportance 3.4Level 4.4Level 4 looks like: Provide on-the-job training for administrative workers
  • Guiding, Directing, and Motivating SubordinatesImportance 3.4Level 4.3Level 4 looks like: Manage a small team of employees in a dynamic workplace
  • Providing Consultation and Advice to OthersImportance 3.4Level 4.6Level 4 looks like: Recommend a new software package to increase operational efficiency
  • Thinking CreativelyImportance 3.4Level 4.8Level 4 looks like: Adapt popular music for a high school marching band
  • Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or PeopleImportance 3.3Level 4.2Level 4 looks like: Determine the value of property lost in a fire
  • Monitoring and Controlling ResourcesImportance 3.3Level 4.0Level 4 looks like: Work as a chef responsible for ordering food for the menu
  • Performing General Physical ActivitiesImportance 3.3Level 4.5Level 4 looks like: Paint the outside of a house
  • Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with OthersImportance 3.2Level 4.6Level 4 looks like: Get two subordinates to agree about vacation schedules
  • Handling and Moving ObjectsImportance 2.8Level 3.9Level 4 looks like: Arrange books in a library
  • Staffing Organizational UnitsImportance 2.7Level 3.5Level 4 looks like: Interview candidates for a sales position and make hiring recommendations
  • Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or MaterialsImportance 2.6Level 3.4Level 4 looks like: Inspect equipment in a chemical processing plant
  • Assisting and Caring for OthersImportance 2.3Level 2.4Level 1 looks like: Help a coworker complete an assignment
  • Controlling Machines and ProcessesImportance 2.3Level 2.5Level 1 looks like: Operate a cash register
  • Repairing and Maintaining Electronic EquipmentImportance 2.2Level 2.3Level 1 looks like: Use display settings to adjust a television picture
  • Selling or Influencing OthersImportance 2.2Level 2.7
  • Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical EquipmentImportance 2.1Level 2.6
  • Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and EquipmentImportance 1.8Level 2.0Level 1 looks like: Specify the lighting for a work area

Work context

The conditions most characteristic of the work, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale.

  • E-Mail5.0
  • Freedom to Make Decisions4.6
  • Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams4.5
  • Telephone Conversations4.5
  • Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team4.3
  • In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment4.2
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled4.2
  • Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals4.1
  • Contact With Others4.0
  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate3.9

Technology

26 tools

Software used in this work. In demand: among the tools job postings for this occupation name most. Hot: often named in job postings across the economy.

In demand (6)

  • ESRI ArcGIS softwarehot
  • Microsoft Excelhot
  • Microsoft Office softwarehot
  • Microsoft Outlookhot
  • Microsoft PowerPointhot
  • Microsoft Wordhot

Hot (7; 6 more marked hot above)

  • Microsoft Access
  • Microsoft Active Server Pages ASP
  • Microsoft Project
  • Python
  • R
  • Salesforce software
  • SAS
Other tools (13)
  • Computer modeling software
  • Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
  • Database management software
  • Email software
  • ESRI ArcView
  • Geographic information system GIS software
  • Geographic information system GIS systems
  • Global positioning system GPS software
  • HATPRO
  • IBM Lotus 1-2-3
  • Relational database software
  • Statistical software
  • Web browser software

Related occupations

O*NET's own list of the occupations most related to this one, closest first.

ESCO equivalents

From the official ESCO–O*NET crosswalk, strongest match first. A broader occupation takes in this one; a narrower one is a part of it.

Closest occupations

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This page includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license; O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. ESCO occupations and skills are from the European Commission's ESCO classification, and the occupation crosswalk is the official ESCO–O*NET mapping by the ESCO Secretariat with USDOL/ETA. This service uses the ESCO classification of the European Commission. BlissPoint Analytics has modified all or some of this information: skill, task and descriptor ratings are rounded to one decimal, and ESCO occupations show Job Zone and interests copied from a crosswalked O*NET occupation. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.